A collaborative study involving researchers from Flinders University and the University of Canberra has identified why walking often becomes more strenuous and slower as individuals age. By analyzing movement data from 107 healthy adults aged 26 to 86, the team discovered that the human body undergoes a shift in gait mechanics, favoring a “safety-first” approach that prioritizes stability at the expense of energy efficiency.

The research, published in the journal Gait, highlights that older adults tend to engage in “co-contraction,” a process where opposing muscles around the ankle activate simultaneously. According to lead author Dr. Cody Lindsay, this mechanism stiffens the ankle joint to improve balance upon ground contact. While this strategy helps maintain an upright posture, it forces muscles to exert more effort while producing less forward propulsion. Consequently, this results in shorter stride lengths and reduced walking speeds.

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Associate Professor Maarten Immink, a co-author of the study, noted that this shift reflects a broader adaptation by the nervous system. As people age, the body compensates for physiological changes by sacrificing performance for security. This transition can lead to faster fatigue and may paradoxically impact an individual's ability to recover from slips or trips, which are primary contributors to falls in older populations.

To mitigate these effects and maintain independence, the researchers suggest that exercise regimens should move beyond simple strength training. They recommend incorporating activities that specifically target coordination, balance, and lower-leg strength. Practices such as tai chi and consistent physical activity are highlighted as effective ways to preserve mobility and confidence in movement.

Source: Flinders University